Plastics 、。。 Plastic Pollution 、Microplastics 、Reinventing Plastic & The Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 、。。 How Earth Overhaul & Saving Planet Earth Are 、。。 Our dependence on plastic .. is so extreme that we have microplastics not only floating through the ocean, but also in the atmosphere, in our food, and in our bodies .. So how close are we to reinventing plastic? 、。。 Plastic really is ... all around us .. From our phones to our clothes to the shoes on our feet - plastic is tough to avoid. And for good reason .. Plastic is a great invention that is flexible, durable, tunable, and, perhaps most importantly, super cheap 、。。 But plastic also has a massive carbon footprint and wreaks havoc on our natural ecosystems .. And while some think it is time we ditch the material all together, what if we came up with a more environmentally friendly upgrade instead? 、。。 Both options are easier said than done, one of the major challenges of reinventing plastic is finding a sustainable replacement that can successfully do all the things that plastic can do all while being both bio - based and biodegradable 、。。

Plastics 、。。 Plastic .. is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi - synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects 、。。 Plasticity is the general property of all materials which can deform irreversibly without breaking but, in the class of moldable polymers, this occurs to such a degree that their actual name derives from this specific ability 、。。 Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass and often contain other substances .. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, however, an array of variants are made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters 、。。 Due to their low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in a multitude of products of different scale, including paper clips and spacecraft .. They have prevailed over traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, metal, glass, and ceramic, in some products previously left to natural materials 、。。 In developed economies, about a third of plastic is used in packaging and roughly the same in buildings in applications such as piping, plumbing or vinyl siding .. Other uses include automobiles (up to 20% plastic), furniture, and toys .. In the developing world, the applications of plastic may differ - 42% of India's consumption is used in packaging 、。。 Plastics have many uses in the medical field as well, with the introduction of polymer implants and other medical devices derived at least partially from plastic .. The field of plastic surgery is not named for use of plastic materials, but rather the meaning of the word plasticity, with regard to the reshaping of flesh 、。。 The world's first fully synthetic plastic was bakelite, invented in New York in 1907 by Leo Baekeland who coined the term 'plastics' .. Many chemists have contributed to the materials science of plastics, including Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger who has been called "the father of polymer chemistry" and Herman Mark, known as "the father of polymer physics" 、。。 The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules .. Toward the end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling 、。。 History of plastics, Society of the Plastics Industry :- https://web.archive.org/web/20090706054409/http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/content.cfm?ItemNumber=670&navItemNumber=1117 Planet or Plastic? - National Geographic :- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/planetorplastic/ Fast Facts About Plastic Pollution - Latest Stories - National Geographic :- https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/plastics-facts-infographics-ocean-pollution/ Plastics | Environment | The Guardian :- https://www.theguardian.com/environment/plastic List of over 600 plastics :- https://plastics.ulprospector.com/materials What are bioplastics? | Sustainability for all :- https://www.activesustainability.com/environment/what-are-bioplastics/ About Bioplastics | Sustainable Plastics? :- https://sustainableplastics.org/bioplastics-and-nanotechnology/ How to Keep Plastics Out of the Ocean :- https://earth911.com/eco-tech/stop-plastic-pollution/ Earth Science Literacy Principles 、。。 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DdTFnM2N5LXdVczg/view?usp=sharing Earth Science Reference Handbook 、By NASA 、。。 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DM2NuUXdiRnVXM28/view?usp=sharing The History of the Universe in 10 Minutes 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/L87VSZkoBSWYEMow8 Earth 、Earth Sciences & The Space Debris Documentaries 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/1NxThPT2BQuPx2aH7 Deadliest Volcanoes Documentary 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/SiFDyUDyuNyH8TqV9 Mankind the Story of All of US 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/XGtNkBnnCQGSMffT6 History of the World in 2 Hours 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/dhhtC5E5Mku6X8Ae7 Earth Overhaul 、Saving Planet Earth from Climate Change Documentary 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/3qLWAqW541RdtBLp7 Plastics : Plastic Pollution 、Microplastics 、Reinventing Plastic & The Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/RjUtpAXNVBaa6qWbA