Concentrated Solar Power 、。。 Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a receiver .. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction 、。。 CSP had a global total installed capacity of 5,500 MW in 2018, up from 354 MW in 2005 .. Spain accounted for almost half of the world's capacity, at 2,300 MW, despite no new capacity entering commercial operation in the country since 2013 .. The United States follows with 1,740 MW .. Interest is also notable in North Africa and the Middle East, as well as India and China .. The global market was initially dominated by parabolic - trough plants, which accounted for 90% of CSP plants at one point .. Since about 2010, central power tower CSP has been favored in new plants due to its higher temperature operation - up to 565 °C (1,049 °F) Vs trough's maximum of 400 °C (752 °F) - which promises greater efficiency 、。。 Concentrated Solar Power Market Size, Industry Analysis | Allied Market Research :- https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/concentrated-solar-thermal-market Concentrated Solar Power: CSP Market Size and Growth, 2028 | Fortun Business Insights :- https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/concentrated-solar-power-market-100751 Concentrated Solar Power Market | Global Industry Report, 2031 | Transparency Market Research :- https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/concentrated-solar-power-market.html Solar Thermal Energy 、。。 Solar thermal energy (STE) .. is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors 、。。 Solar thermal collectors are classified by the United States Energy Information Administration as low, medium, or high temperature collectors .. Low - temperature collectors are generally unglazed and used to heat swimming pools or to heat ventilation air .. Medium - temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water or air for residential and commercial use 、。。 High - temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors or lenses and are generally used for fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 deg C / 20 bar pressure in industries, and for electric power production .. Two categories include Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) for fulfilling heat requirements in industries, and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) when the heat collected is used for electric power generation .. CST and CSP are not replaceable in terms of application 、。。 The largest facilities are located in the American Mojave Desert of California and Nevada .. These plants employ a variety of different technologies .. The largest examples include, Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (377 MW), Solar Energy Generating Systems installation (354 MW), and Crescent Dunes (110 MW) .. Spain is the other major developer of solar thermal power plant .. The largest examples include, Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW), the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (100 MW) 、。。 Solar thermal power plants - U.S. Energy Information | EIA :- https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/solar/solar-thermal-power-plants.php Understanding Solar Thermal Energy | Cleanenergyauthority :- https://www.cleanenergyauthority.com/solar-energy-resources/understanding-solar-thermal-energy Concentrating Solar - Thermal Power | Department of Energy :- https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/concentrating-solar-thermal-power Solar thermal power plant | Energy Education :- https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Solar_thermal_power_plant Heliostat 、。。 A heliostat .. is a device that includes a mirror, usually a plane mirror, which turns so as to keep reflecting sunlight toward a predetermined target, compensating for the sun's apparent motions in the sky .. The target may be a physical object, distant from the heliostat, or a direction in space .. To do this, the reflective surface of the mirror is kept perpendicular to the bisector of the angle between the directions of the sun and the target as seen from the mirror .. In almost every case, the target is stationary relative to the heliostat, so the light is reflected in a fixed direction .. According to contemporary sources the heliostata, as it was called at first, was invented by Willem 's Gravesande (1688 - 1742) .. Other contenders are Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608 - 1679) and Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736) 、。。 Nowadays, most heliostats are used for daylighting or for the production of concentrated solar power, usually to generate electricity .. They are also sometimes used in solar cooking .. A few are used experimentally, or to reflect motionless beams of sunlight into solar telescopes .. Before the availability of lasers and other electric lights, heliostats were widely used to produce intense, stationary beams of light for scientific and other purposes 、。。 Most modern heliostats are controlled by computers .. The computer is given the latitude and longitude of the heliostat's position on the earth and the time and date .. From these, using astronomical theory, it calculates the direction of the sun as seen from the mirror, e.g. its compass bearing and angle of elevation .. Then, given the direction of the target, the computer calculates the direction of the required angle - bisector, and sends control signals to motors, often stepper motors, so they turn the mirror to the correct alignment .. This sequence of operations is repeated frequently to keep the mirror properly oriented 、。。 Large installations such as solar - thermal power stations include fields of heliostats comprising many mirrors .. Usually, all the mirrors in such a field are controlled by a single computer 、。。 There are older types of heliostat which do not use computers, including ones that are partly or wholly operated by hand or by clockwork, or are controlled by light - sensors .. These are now quite rare 、。。 Heliostats should be distinguished from solar trackers or sun - trackers that point directly at the sun in the sky .. However, some older types of heliostat incorporate solar trackers, together with additional components to bisect the sun - mirror - target angle 、。。 A siderostat is a similar device which is designed to follow a fainter star, rather than the sun 、。。 Heliostat | Instrument | Britannica :- https://www.britannica.com/science/heliostat Heliostats - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics :- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/heliostats HELIOSTAT South Australia | Powering A Brighter Future :- https://heliostat.com.au/ The dark town that built a giant mirror to deflect the Sun | BBC :- https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170314-the-town-that-built-a-mirror-to-catch-the-sun Testing And Evaluation Of Large - Area Heliostats For Solar :- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gaIy_Oc_6X0GQuQXaO8aCh3ua6FZHnPZ/view?usp=sharing Note :- Fuel Cell Handbook 、。。 https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DaGRfYnNOTm1pdEk/edit?usp=docslist_api The Fuel Cell Today 、。。 https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DVEhLUFNNY0RadG8/edit?usp=docslist_api Hydrogen Production And Storage 、。。 https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DYVZkUlNrMnBReTg/edit?usp=docslist_api Energy Documentary 、。。 https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1PBdu03t91DZF94cDlTbzFSZms Renewables 2016 、Global Status Report 、。。 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DdUlqS1VaMlpWR1U/view?usp=sharing Renewable energy in Europe 2017 、。。 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1PBdu03t91DY0N1MTNBMzNCN1E/view?usp=sharing Annual Energy Outlook 2017 、With Projections to 2050 、。。 https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1PBdu03t91DX3FJMGVpSmZFRkE Digital Economy 、。。 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1PBdu03t91Dbm1wbm8ybHIyVEE?usp=sharing The Fourth Industrial Revolution 、ICT & Digital Economy 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/mAadeoujhYkuRB1r7 Hydrogen Economy 、Hydrogen as the Nature's Fuel 、Album 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/JxzFyxD8PVCeSK9k8 Fusion Energy Production by Deuterium & Others 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/DbpL8by9wCvh4Vhq7 The Renewable Energy & How to Save the World Documentary 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/TusY3UndbtWjDfXx9 Lithium Ion Batteries and The Next Generation Battery Documentaries 、。。 https://goo.gl/photos/ndFuBVGT1z7gemix7 Concentrated Solar Power แหล่งพลังความร้อนจากแสงอาทิตย์สำหรับอนาคต :- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SkSTIE_FkXcxPV0168eE0jZ_gPBRBDO3/view?usp=sharing CSP : The Concentrated Solar Thermal Power for Future Energy 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/AhFJvTL8egAirqjMA The Rise of Solar Power 、。。 https://photos.app.goo.gl/KFoD7BEWC2airNydA